The Black Revolution, p. 523 to 561

• Southerners imposed economic sanctions on blacks involved in civil rights
• Gov. Faubus, governor of Arkansas fought integration of Centra High School in Little Rock
• Muhammad Ali was a Black Muslim
• fair employment laws were passed in NY(1945), MI, MN, PA, CA, OH
• 4 students from the black Agricultural and Technical College in Greensboro, NC sat in at a counter until the store closed
• the Civil Rights Act of 1957 was passed
• Ella Baker, NAACP field organizer
• the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was created
• Hamer created the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
• 1M registered black voters in 12 Southern states
• Kennedy, well briefed by black-staff
• Robert Kennedy intervened in King's arrest
• Kennedy wanted to secure the right to vote for all blacks, increased employment of blacks in federal programs
• Thurgood Marshall, circuit court in New York
• Wade McCree to the district court for E. Michigan
• Spottswood Robinson to the bench in the District of Columbia
• discrimination in federal employment continued
• "freedom riders" were attacked by angry segregationists
• very little new desegregation of Southern schools occurred
• segregation was culturally entrenched in northern schools
• the state of Mississippi tried to deny James Meridith's enrollment
• Kennedy sent the National Guard to secure Meridith's admission and maintain order
• the Emancipation Centennial pointed out racial inequality in American life
• Birmingham, Alabama: Southern Christian Leadership Conference: demanded fair employment practices, desegregation of public facilities, a plan to desegregate, and the dropping of charges against Dr. King and 2,500 other activists.
• Birmingham police used dogs and high pressure water hoses on the marches
• Kennedy had to strengthen voting rights
• veteran labor leader A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin(civil rights leader and peace activist) produced a national demonstration
• the American Jewish Congress, the National Conference of Catholics for Interracial Justice, the National Council of Churches, and the AFL-CIO Industrial Union supported the march
• 200,000 blacks and whites attended, the largest demonstration in the history of the nation's capital
• a black church was bombed in Birmingham in September. 4 children died.
• many Southerners ran on pro-segregation platforms
• 11/22/1963, Kennedy was killed in Dallas
• Edwards v. South Carolina, upheld the right to demonstrate
• Johnson v. Virginia, refused to sit in a section of a courtroom reserved for blacks

The Illusion Of Equality

• Lyndon B. Johnson became the 36th president of the US
• 24th amendment, outlawed poll-taxes
• the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most far-reaching and comprehensive law in support of racial equality ever enacted by Congress
• EEOC, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
• many public places became private clubs
• 1964, an off-duty policeman killed  a black youth
• 24 black churches were destroyed
• blacks faced much discrimination in housing. High rents for slums, the city would not enforce building codes, etc.
• Thurgood Marshall, 1st black admitted to the U.S. Supreme Court
• the economic disparities between blacks and whites increased among blue collar workers and low income groups
• Los Angeles: poor employment opportunities, poor housing
• Stokely Carmichael, blacks must think in terms of "black power" to combat "white power"
• neighborhood schools were defended
• Berkeley, CA, full racial desegregation
• white parents fled to the suburbs or put their children in private schools

Cynicism Was Breeding

• sit-ins, freedom riders, marches, demonstrations, voter-registration drives
• justice and equality were not to be extended to blacks under any circumstances
• 1. assassination of JFK
• 2. the murder of Malcolm X
• 3. the murder of civil rights workers
• 4. the murder of children
• 5. no one was convicted for these crimes
• 6. Martin Luther King was killed
• 7. the capture of James Earl Ray

Other groups

• militant, action oriented blacks
• the Black Power Conference, two independent nations-one for blacks, one for whites
• the Black Panther Party for Self Defense

The Black Panthers

• Huey P. Netwton led a group of gun-carrying demonstrators into the California state legislature
• he was convicted on a charge of manslaughter of the death of an Oakland policeman
• FBI- Black Panthers were "dangerous and subversive."
• two separate societies- separate and unequal

Other tactics

• demanded churches give 60% of their assets to rehab black economic, social, and cultural life
• gave up the term "Negro"
• insisted on black history classes
• black feminism took off in 1972
• 20% of all Democrat votes
• created the National Black Political Convention
• PUSH, People United To Save Humanity, Rev. Jesse Jackson

Black Dissatisfaction

25% hated jobs, 44% hated community life

Major Groups

• The NAACP
• The US Commission On Civil Rights
• the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice

• 1976, 48.7% voted
• The Voter Education Project did not have enough $ to mount a successful campaign
• apathy was very great among young blacks
• 1978, Louis Martin, special assistant to  the president
• Carter cared more about the budget than helping the disadvantaged
• "The Declining Significance of Race" was published by University of Chicago
• poor blacks were falling behind rich blacks