- After WWI, there were endless parades of troops, black and white
- the black 369th had a million people witness their march
- the time of jubilation was short lived
- industry wanted to begin the task of filling the huge backlog of orders for goods that had not been produced during the war
- black leaders wanted to move forward to a new basis for democratic living in the United States
- sickness: 1) lynching, 2) disenfranchisement, 3) theft, 4) insult, 5) encourages ignorance
- The KKK was revived in the South as early as 1915
- against Negroes, Japanese, Orientals, Roman Catholics, Jews, foreign born individuals
- 200 public appearances in 27 states
- flourished in New York, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Midwestern states
- lawlessness and violenc characterized the postwar period in the USA
- According to the Klan, "America was a white man's country."
- the Klan forced blacks to pick cotton in Texas at low wages
- the Klan was active in the West against the Japanese population
- James Weldon Johnson called the summer of 1919, the Red Summer, the greatest period of interracial strife the nation had ever witnessed
- jobs were not as plentiful, competition strained relations between whites and blacks.
- Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western riots ensued
- July 1919, Longview Texas, white men were shot when entering a black section of town.
Serious outbreak
- Many Southern blacks had migrated to Chicago
- 109,000 blacks lived there
- blacks were spreading into white neighborhoods, whites bombed black homes.
- 13 days of no law and order in Chicago
- Knoxville, TN riot: white woman ran from a black man and fell and hurt herself.
- Omaha:a mob almost completely destroyed the country courthouse by fire in order to secure a black man who was in jail on a charge of attacking a white girl.
- a reign of terror began
- Tulsa, Oklahoma fighting
- Rosewood, Florida was completely annihilated in January, 1923 by a white mob
- 1925, a mob tried to prevent black O.H. Sweet, a doctor from living in a house he purchased in a white neighborhood
- the NAACP defended him- Clarence Darrow and Arthur Garfield Hays served as defense attorney
- whites tried to call blacks who demanded equality Bolshevists
- African Americans loudly protested practices they regarded as unjust and oppressive
- intelligent planning and action were needed
- NAACP, crusade against lynching.
- Rep. L. C. Dyer of Missouri introduced a bill to punish the crime of lynching
- It passed the Congress 230 to 119.
- Republicans voted to abandon it.
- Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889 to 1918.
- Rope and Faggot, A Biography of Judge Lynch.
- Texas excluded blacks from Democratic primaries
- Smith v. Allright, the Supreme Court decided the exclusion of blacks from the Democratic Party was a violation of the 15th Amendment.
- The Commission on Interracial Cooperation promoted interracial communities.
- NAACP and THOIC were regarded as organizations for upper class blacks and liberal whites
- Marcus Garvey created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
- black stood for strength and beauty
- Africa had a noble past
- blacks should be proud of their heritage
- separatist, back-to-Africa movement
- accused the NAACP of making blacks white by amalgamation, being black is nothing to be ashamed of.
- sent to prison after collecting $10 million, for 5 years
- President Coolidge pardoned Garvey and ordered his deportation as an undesirable alien.
- most blacks were content to remain in the United States and strive to improve conditions through the regular channels open to all citizens or through special agencies like the NAACP
- George Baker led a cultic like movement which held elaborate feasts
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