Chapter 25, Half Century Of Change

• The Anti Drug Abuse Act of 1988 was passed
• William Bennett, the drug czar
• attacks against liberal intellectuals that advocated tolerance/legalization of drug use
• the Bush administration tried to make "black" scholarships a form of "reverse discrimination."
• AIDs, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, epidemic hit in 1981
• originally regarded as a gay/homosexual disease
• 1986, the National Black Gay and Lesbian Conference, address and devise solutions to the prejudice and problems faced by black gays and lesbians-racial and sexual minorities
• "Magic" Johnson was infected
• Arthur Ashe, a gifted professional tennis player, got AIDs from surgery
• VP. Quayle: "cultivate higher moral standards and practice abstinence."
• "Magic" resigned from the National Commission on AIDs, "lip service and photo opportunities."
• John Lewis of Georgia, came out for gay civil rights
• Rap reflected alienation
• Afrocentrism: dark skin > more creative, implicitly racist?, 
• Rodney King was beaten, the cops were found "not guilty" 
• $500 million worth of damage was caused by rioting
• New Jersey was racial profiling
• Jasper, TX: two whites dragged a black man to death for a mile
• Giuliani failed to condemn police brutality
• Major black sports figures: Michael Jordan, Sammy Sosa (MVP), Tiger Woods, major representative for Nike
• 1983, first black astronaut
• Clinton had a lot of black appointments in his cabinet
• McKinney of Georgia and Mel Watt of North Carolina, did not lose their seats
• the Black Caucus questioned Clinton's free trade policies
• Clinton took blacks off "welfare" and put them on "workfare"
• Lee Brown became the mayor of Houston, Texas
• Al Sharpton led protests against police brutality
• the Charlotte public schools were resegregated
• the suburban schools have internet, the urban schools don't have basketball nets!
• 30% more blacks graduated college in 1996 than in 1992
• anti-affirmative action cases were won at University of Texas and at University of Washington
• blacks were not attending 4-yr. public universities-either 2yr. colleges or historically black colleges
• blacks criticized Truman for appointing a secretary of state from racist South Carolina
• Why did the US fight in Vietnam, and then not bring equality for blacks?
• blacks were interested in self-government movement in West Africa
• the war funds could have been spent improving economic or civil rights at home
• MLK criticized Vietnam: Thou shall not kill!
• a greater percentage of blacks were drafted for Vietnam
• blacks created a sit-in at the South African embassy in Washington to protest the racial policies of the Republic of South Africa

Greater democracy in South Africa

• F.W. de Klerk became president of S. Africa
• Nelson Mandela was released, head of the black liberation movement
• didn't denounce human right's violations in Cuba
• Bush vowed to defend Saudia Arabia and its oil reserves
• 1991, Congress approved military force against Iraq
• 500,000 troops went to the Middle East
• 1957 to 1986, corrupt rule in Haiti
• the National Guard sent Haitians back to their home country
• California, New York, Florida, and Texas got many Spanish speaking immigrants
• politicians began tapping into racism, blacks vs. hispanics
• Bill Clinton created an advisory board of 2 blacks, one Asian, 1 Hispanic, and 3 European Americans to engage in a national dialogue
• Native Americans were furious they were not included on the board
• democratic Nigeria and Zaire collapsed
• US discussions with Uganda in the United Nations