- African American troops served as occupation troops in the Spanish/American War
- America sent marines to Santo Domingo (occupy 1916 to 1924)
- The United States had control over Haiti's finances
- 2,ooo protesting Haitians were gunned down
- US takes control of Liberia
- blacks helped America's imperial ambitions: black ambassadors to Haiti
- Frederick Douglass became the American minister in 1897
- Americans did try to improve health, education, and well-being of conquered inhabitants
- military domination of sovereign areas under the United States
Urban problems
- Industrialization was supposed to bring prosperity to everyone
- business combinations grew to unmanagable proportions
- businesses often exploited people
- the Sherman Antitrust Act was created to combat monopolies
- Theodore Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to the White House
- Southern whites were furious about Washington's visit to the White House
- William Crum, black American was appointed to head a port in Charleston, SC.
- McKinley appointed twice as many blacks
- Roosevelt's words were "full of hope for the Negro and deadly miasma for the Southern whites"
- Minnie Cox, black head of a post office in Indianola, Mississippi. Resigned under white pressure, post office would not accept her resignation.
- blacks continued to move into urban areas
- few Unions would accept blacks. The Cigarmaker's International Union and the United Mine Workers of America seemed to welcome African Americans into membership
- many black women became domestic servants
- many industrialists claimed that blacks were inefficient
- whites segregated blacks to one section of the city
- municipalities enacted segregation ordainances
- problems: juveline delinquincy, public parks/playgrounds were not open to blacks
- the Progressive movement was for "whites only"
- muckrakers attacked slum conditions, monopolies, corruption in city government, dishonesty in the U.S. Senate, the evil railroad operators, and other wretched conditions.
- Following The Color Line, Stannard Baker
- Baker: time, patience, and education were required, not legislation.
- violent manifestations of hostility toward blacks in the North and in the South were not new
- 2500 lynchings at the end of the 1800s
- Wilmington, North Carolia riot, near end of the reign of terror?
- industrial imperialism leads to oppression
- blacks were kept as wage slaves
- The South and the Midwest had the most lynchings
- blacks were accused of raping white women and were lynched
- one black was whipped for riding a bicycle on a sidewalk.
- Marie Thompson, black woman killed a white man to save herself. The mob attempted to hang her but she cut herself loose. They then shot her.
- Riot in Atlanta, sensational riot!
- nothing was done to the rioters
- Roosevelt did little in reaction to the riot in Brownsville, Texas
- a major lynching occured just a half a mile from Abe Lincoln's home
- W.E. B. Dubois led the Niagara Conference. The group drew up a platform for aggressive action. They demanded freedom of speech and criticism, male suffrage, the abolition of all distinctions based on race, the recognition of basic principle of human fellowship, and respect for the working person.
- The Niagara Movement met in Boston in 1907
- The New England Suffrage League and the Equal Rights League of Georgia supported the work of the Niagara Movement
- Walling, white writer, shocked by Springfield race riots, wrote in the Independent.
- educators, professors, publicists, bishops, judges, and social workers came together to form the NAACP
- 1. abolition of all forced segregation
- 2. equal education for black and white children
- 3. The enforcement of the 14th and 15th amendments
- the NAACP was denounced by white philanthropists and some blacks thought it unwise
- a. widen industrial opportunities for blacks
- b. greater police protection for blacks in the South
- c. a crusade against lynching and unlawfulness
- Crisis, NAACP publication
- created the Legal Redress Committee
- Arthur Spingarn was the chairman of the legal committee
- 1915: Guinn v. United States, the Supreme Court overturned grandfather clauses in Maryland and Oklahoma
- 1917: Buchanan v. Warley, overturned Louisville ordinance to segregate living spaces
- resorting to the courts became an effective weapon in the fight for full citizenship
- 1921, 400 branches of the NAACP nationwide
- Dubois said that Washington was incorrect, blacks needed to be able to exercise more civil liberties
- Committee For Improving The Industrial Conditions Of Negroes, the National League For The Protection Of Colored Women. p. 354
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