- rose from poverty to become one of the nation's most distinguished African American leader
- 3 careers: 1) educator, 2) architect of Florida's Bethune Cookman College, 3) headed the National Council Of Negro Women
- part of the black cabinet for Franklin Delano Roosevelt
- part of the New Deal agency
- Other important advisors: 1) Frank Thune-Housing Specialist, 2) William Hastie-Assistant to the Secretary of war, 3) Robert Weaver- advised on housing and labor, became head of Housing and Urban Development later.
- Weaver-most durable, Hastie resigned because of the military's discrimination,
- New Deal, first time since Reconstruction that black equality was promoted
- the Fair Employment Practices Act was passed
- the National Youth Administration: Wanted equal black participation
- New Deal, Second Reconstruction
- Roosevelt would not support anti-lynching legislation
- New Deal legislation encouraged racial separation
- Bethune did not demand a de-segregated society
- McLeod wanted more blacks to be appointed to state posts
- her organization prepared blacks for high skill, high wage labor
- her approach did not offend Southern whites
- She believed the NYA should overturn Southern administration decisions
- Bethune put forth a subdued approach consciously
- Sadler and Bethune were the most powerful members of the bureaucracy
- Sadler was more bold, Bethune was more secretive
- Sadler questioned the Roosevelt's position on desegregation
- Bethune was more pragmatic, believed Negroes must receive separate but equal consideration
- Southern teacher's salaries for black and white schools should be the same, Southerners would have to integrate
- failure: did not apply federal standards of equality to the state level often enough
- Southerners would not allow blacks to head integrated work projects
- black funding of local advisory boards gave blacks power in the selection of board members
- black economic, political, and population size had strengthened by the time of the New Deal
- black salaries for directors were low
- Bethune approved discriminatory salaries for black state directors,
- black interests could not be represented by white administrators
- state and local officials were not corresponding on a regular basis
- Bethune, director that cared about black's opportunities
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
Mary McLeod and the National Youth Administration, p. 191-214
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