Chapter 22 From Slavery To Freedom, p. 506 to 521

• new position of African Americans
• increased initiative to achieve equality for blacks
• civic, lsbor and religious groups pushed for equality
• "Freedom To Serve" under Truman, all qualified blacks could serve in the army
• abolished racial quotas
• the inclusion of blacks was an overall gain for the army
• Truman-executive order requiring fair employment in the federal services
• opportunities for blacks to receive adequate housing increased
• the CIO, union. A. Philip Randolph and Willard Townsend were elected cie presidents
• the American Friends Service Committee and the American Missionary Association gave specific attention to the problem of race tensions in communities, set up programs to improve intergroup relations, and published reports and studies involving race
• 1947, larger hotels in Washington began to accept black guests
• when DC was desegregated, whites fled to the suburbs of Virginia and Maryland
• railways/airports stopped segregation
• blacks in Georgia cast their votes in the 1946 Democratic primary
• Eisenhower upheld army segregation
• William Hastie, became a judge on the Third US Circuit Court of Appeals
• Dr. King was indicted under a 1921 antiunion law forbidding conspiracy to obstruct the operation of a business
• business decreased by 75%
• White Citizen's Councils fought against desegregation
• "declaration of Constitutional principles": desegregation undercut state's rights
• a reign of terror in the South: white on black violence
• blacks who urged others to vote were murdered in Mississippi
• Nat King Cole was attacked by whites on-stage

Urbanization and its consequences, p. 515

• 52 percent of blacks were living in urban areas
• 1980, 81% of blacks were in urban areas
• whites left cities and took employment opportunities with them
• blacks got by on part-time work, unemployment benefits, and welfare.
• factories and shops of a central city moved to suburbs
• blacks were attacked when they moved into white neighborhoods

Problems

• employment failed to materialize
• unemployment or underemployment-fate
• men were less likely to find work
• thievery, drunkenness, and street brawls resulted
• the extended family was no longer involved

Obstacles:

• the slave system
• legal segregation
• discrimination
• poverty
• racially hostile policies of government and society

• until the 1960s, 75% of black families had a husband and a wife
• the black churh was more stable
• provide social and religious communion
• churches became involved in secular activities: day-care, couple's clubs, social services.
• black clergy got politically active and ran for office themselves
• black newspaper publishing expanded
• black financial institutions expanded
• black insurance companies were pretty stable
• talented blacks felt they could not reach executive or policy making positions