Chapter 19, The New Deal, p. 419-434

• the number of black wage earners increased after WWI
• unions such as the AFL and railway brotherhoods (Mostly) excluded blacks
• Friends Of Negro Freedom was created in 1920: helped unionize black migrants, protect black tenants, advance black cooperation, and organize forums to educate the masses.
• the National Association for the Promotion of Labor Unionism among Negroes
• Chandler Owen, A Philip Randolph published The Messenger

• an advisory board of white labor radicals and intellectuals was organized: Morris Hillquit, Joseph D. Cannon, Charles Ervin
• The American Negro Labor Congress met for the first time in Chicago in 1925
• looked to unionize blacks
• Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids, was organized by A. Philip Randolph in 1925
• the Pullman Company attacked the brotherhood as a dangerous radical organization
• the AFL, NAACP, and National Urban League endorsed the Sleeping Car Porters
• boll weeevil destroyed Southern crops
• tobacco, cotton, and sucarcane were on the international market which was tough on farmers
• urban land values and the stock market increased
• agriculture, shipbuilding, coal-mining, textile/shoe industries were not enjoying the "Roaring Twenties."
• 1934: 17% of whites and 38% blacks were incapable of self support economically
• 1933: 25% to 40% of blacks were on relief, 3x or 4x as much as whites
• 1935 (Atlanta) 65% of black employables needed public assistance
• large differentials existed between black and white aid($6 more which was considerable)
• black concentration in cities began to give them more political power
• 1917, blacks sent Edward Johnson to the New York assembly
• blacks regarded many black political appointments as tokenism
• John Davis(D) said "he would make no distinctions based on race or creed." and the Progressive Robert FaFollette made a similar statement, blacks began to desert the Republican party
• Republicans were willing to alienate blacks to gain territory in the South.
• Oscar DePriest was elected to Congress in 1928. However, blacks were very disappointd with Herbert Hoover.
• Jessie DePriest attended a tea at the White House which offended many Southerners
• blacks began using their votes to register protests. They studied the voting records of Congress (Votesmart.org) and watched the utterances and policies of presidents in order to ferret out thoe whom they considered their enemies.

• they fought the Senator who killed the anti-lynching bill
• opposed John Parker to the Supreme Court, fought Senators who approved his confirmation.
• blacks began to regard President Hoover as their enemy
• some New York blacks supported Hoover but they did not want Southern Democrats to come to power
• some blacks voted Communist
• Angelo Herndon, prominent Communist from Birmingham who worked as a coal miner. Faced privation, discrimination, and disillusionment he joined the Communist Party.
• He was sentenced to 18 years in prison on charge of inciting an insurrection, a 5 year court battle settled his freedom.
• the International Labor Defense (ILD) secured Angelo's freedom.
• the Scottsboro boys got 99 year sentences.
• 1950, the last of the Scottsboro boys were released.
• In the 1930s the Communists made an effort to join with Middle Class organizations to fight fascism, A. Philip Randolph was not able to attract much support.
• Eleanor Roosevelt was friends with Mary McLeod Bethune, she was photographed at Howard University. Egalitarianism lives!
• 1940, some opposition to Roosevelt had developed among blacks
  
• 1960s, the amount of black judges had doubled
• Roosevelt's "Black Cabinet" contributed but was turned away from speaking with the president
• they were highly intelligent and highly trained individuals
• task: to press for economic and political equality for blacks, increase employment opportunities for blacks in government and labor,
  
• 50,00 blacks performed gov. service in 1933, 200,000 did so before 1947.
• The National Industrial Recovery Act established fair competition, a 40 hr. week, and the abolition of child labor under the age of 16.
• blacks received lower minimum wages, this had to be remedied!
• the Supreme Court ruled that the National Industrial Recovery Act was unconstitutional.
• The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) paid farmers to destroy cotton, wheat, and tobacco crops!
• the Southern Tenant Farmers Union was formed to fight against landowner sharecropping abuses
• blacks and whites voted together on AAA memorandums
• p. 434