- The NAACP addressed civil rights concerns but economic empowerment organizations were needed
- Committe For Improving The Industrial Conditions of Negroes, New York > The National Urban League
- the National League Of Colored Women
- Haynes, black graduate student at Columbia University made an extensive study of social and economic conditions among African Americans in New York City, The Negro At Work In New York City
- Haynes went to Fisk University to develop a department of Sociology and to train social workers
- Haynes and Kinckle Jones headed the National Urban League
- Booker T. Washington supported the National Urban League
- assisted newly arrived blacks in their adjustment to city life
- brought employers and employees together
- created program for Social workers and grants to support them economically
- 1906, YWCA's for blacks in Washington, Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore
efforts to solve local problems:
- Flanner Settlement House in Indianapolis
- the Model Homes company in Cincinnati
- the NAACP and the National Urban League strived to solve problems broadly
Chapter 16: In Pursuit Of Democracy (p. 357)
World War I:
- unmistakable signs of war were gathering
- Germany and its satellites were more determined than ever to wield a controlling influence in Europe, Africa, and Asia
- when the war came, the American people were wholly unprepared
- Wilson promised a "New Freedom"
- African Americans were suspicious of Theodore Roosevelt because of his handling of the Brownsville incident
- African Americans did not have any confidence in President Taft
- the NAACP wanted the Progressive Republican party to repeal discriminatory laws and wanted complete enfranchisement for blacks.
- Roosevelt allowed the Southern white delegates to ignore these demands, Bull Moose movement offered little to blacks.
- Wilson's rhetoric demanded justice for blacks
- blacks were not concerned about tariff or banking reforms
- The Congress of Wilson had proposed many pro-discrimination bills
- proposed: segregated public carriers, exclusion of blacks from the military and the navy, separate accomodations for black and white employees, and the exclusion of all immigrants of African descent.
- most of the legislation failed to pass(good!), Wilson segregated federal employees and prevented blacks from entering civil service
- Trotter led a group to protest segregation, Wilson dismissed it.
- US invaded Haiti, blacks protested the affront on Haiti's sovereignty
- The Birth of a Nation by antiblack Thomas Dixon was produced, promoted the myth of black emancipation, enfranchisement and debauchery of white womanhood.
- lynchings and other forms of violence increased
- In 1916, Jesse Washington was publicly burned in Waco, Texas before a cheering mob
- Well-to-do Anthony Crawford was mobbed and killed for "imprudence" in refusing to agree to a price for his cottonseed
- 1915: Booker T. Washington died
- Conference in Joel Spingarn's home in Amenia, New York to discuss the plight of african Americans
- 1. abolition of lynching
- 2. enfranchisment
- 3. civil rights laws
- African Americans enlist to fight in World War I
- 20,000 men of 750,000 were black in the armed forces
- for the most part blacks were barred from service
- Col. Charles Young was forced to retire because of his high blood pressure. He rode to Washington on horseback to prove his fitness but the board denied him.
- p. 362 begin
